zg:ga/FaBs>L'3^^(YtP =s\T7;a4 4(Z 11) The truss web pattern used in the design is to be determined by the designer using . %PDF-1.4 % This framing member is also used in axial load-bearing wall assemblies. /Pages 11 0 R 0000001585 00000 n << Found in: Exterior Framing > Curtain Wall Framing Exterior Framing > Load-Bearing Framing Back-to-back C-stud trusses offer the following advantages: High strength-to-weight ratio. Aegis Metal Framing has an innovative floor joistcalled TradeReady. Ultra-Span is a light gauge steel roof truss system that is both lightweight and compact for easy handling and economical transportation. These panels are made to your specifications and can includedoor/window headers, gypsum / plywood sheathing, EIFS, siding, wood bucks,insulation inside headers, lengths to 50, heights to 12 6, and delivered to your jobsite. profiles. It eliminates box beam headers, stud-to-track nesting, built-up members for posts and jambs and has superior axial strength for load-bearing projects. Just a few include: Ability to double webs at chord connection reducing bracing and increasing screw capacity, Single point connection of intermediate webs reducing shear in chords and reducing weight and cost, Higher center of gravity in chord design increases truss efficiency and lowers cost. Light gauge steel frame construction can be modified at any point in its life service. Scissor The scissor truss is used to create a vaulted ceiling along the entire span. These houses build Combining wall panels and steel trusses allows for fabrication during the construction of building foundations. 0000048086 00000 n endobj Standard coating: CP60 (G60, CP90 & G90 available) Per AISI S240. The AdvanT Truss section has many advantages over existing proprietary Cold Formed Steel Truss Shapes. gauge for the TSC2.75 chord and 16 gauge for the TSC4.00 chord. Standard Joists - SJI 45th Edition. NOTE: Load table PDFs are best viewed in Adobe Acrobat Reader. stream 0000000744 00000 n The studs for these framing systems must be able to withstand: Exterior curtain walls are non-axial load bearing and must be designed to withstand the highest lateral loads, wind or seismic, prescribed by the building code for the particular construction location and type. For the general contractoror owner developer, why not cut your exterior wallenclosure time by half? << runs perpendicular to the truss framing. Truss Plate Institute Quality Assurance Inspection Program. Channel Shapes are used for top and bottom wall plates and for joist headers. Our Design/Build System provides you with one source forthe design, engineering, fabrication, and installation of the Light Gauge SteelComponents. 13 23 xref Adding additional horizontal bridging will not reduce the actual deflection in the wall. or the Specialty Engineer. This short-ens construction time. Steel in Residential . See Standard Joist System & Accessories for more. Cold-Formed / Light-Gauge C-shaped framing members for axial load-bearing walls, curtain walls, tall interior partitions, floor joists and roof truss assemblies. /Info 12 0 R Find out more J325iT /Linearized 1 When you join you get additional benefits. What must be the maximum dry density of Granular Sub Base & Wet Mix Macadam used What is the Safe Bearing Capacity values for Different Soils? Example: Therefore, to properly use the load/span tables in this tool, multiply the IBC 2012/ASCE 7-10 design wind pressures by 0.6 (reference section 2.4 ASCE 7-10) prior to entering the load/span tables. Custom designed to match roof and ceiling STEEL TRUSSES . very low deflection and sound deadening floor system. Solid blocking and strapping is required to properly brace the floor assembly. The FRAMECAD F450iT has been designed to handle the heavy gauge steel required to construct 1 to 7 storey structures and outputs 75-150 mm profiles. /L 129849 Please see the Specification Section 054400available for download on this website AND be sure to utilize the sizing tool available as well. To reduce the deflection of a wall stud, either a heavier member is required or an intermediate structural support must be provided. With a quick look at the table, I can see the maximum span we could use is 14 9. Span Tables. What are the different types of handrails used in bridges? These 2-story houses in Juarez << /N 2 Up to 30% greater spans than engineered lumber. gauge for the TSC2.75 chord and 16 gauge for the TSC4.00 chord. and to the Light Gauge Structural Engineers Association for their . 0000003112 00000 n Use iProSTUD in ClarkDietrich iTools to quickly lookup the interior framing system you need. All Rights Reserved. PROUDLY CREATED WITHWIX.COM, Span Table - Bar Joist Replacement Guide 4-25-2022.pdf, Typical Section Drawings - ADVANT in Composite Joist Application, Typical Section Drawings - ADVANT Top Chord Bearing in lieu of Top Flange Hangers, Typical Section Drawings - ADVANT in C-Stud Joist Application, Typical Section Drawings - ADVANT in C-Stud Joist Application with Top Chord Bearing. below. in Lafeyette, LA took advantage of this option to create mechanical With the ever increasing cost of field labor and theassociated insurances, why not try and reduce thosecosts and use tilt up prefabricated curtain wallpanels. 888-565-9181 / Email:info@trussteel.com, 2019 Alpine, an ITW Company Inc. All Rights ReservedLegal Notices and Terms of Use Privacy Policy, Legal Notices and Terms of Use Privacy Policy. % Ceiling Span Tables Ceiling Span Table Notes 1. 2022 Clarkwestern Dietrich Building Systems LLC, Precut to exacting sizes and readily available, Flange widths include 1-5/8", 2", 2-1/2" and 3". 0000049245 00000 n Designed and fabricated to exact truss combined with a form deck and 2.5 concrete topping created a Our innovative Double-Shear fastening technology combines with our patented symmetrical profile to efficiently transfer structural load. The following tables identify the axial (vertical) load that can be supported by each member under given lateral load conditions. Log in to TheConstructor to ask questions, answer peoples questions, write articles & connect with other people. As an authorized Ultra Span fabricator, our engineered steel trusses are manufactured under quality-controlled conditions and are a cost effective solution to steel framing. For example a 10 wall at L/120 (L = Length in inches, divided by 120) could have a lateral deflection of (10x12/120) = 1". Mexico used 2 deep floor trusses with 16x2 penetrations designed 8 A 3-1/2" bearing length was used at all support locations in the preparation of these tables. Easi-Joist Metal Web Floor System Span Table. Aegis Metal Framing has an innovative floor joist, called TradeReady. Truss and bracing layouts with connection and installation details. When Light Gauge Steel Components areincorporated in your building structure, we are able to provide you with anextremely cost-effective means of constructing buildings up to 6 stories in height. While this Design Guide Catalog is quite comprehensive, it does not completely cover ourvast and growing lineup of products ordesign tables. Light gauge steel frame elements are manufactured, based on ASTM standard A1003, from structural steel sheet that formed into strong C or Z or S shapes which are able to support heavy loads. 14 0 obj Superior Truss & Panel can bethe answer to your roof framing needs including our industry leading one hour, onelayer of drywall UL fire rated assemblies. choice for roof or floor systems in residential Inherent nature of steel means no shrinking, twisting, warping, etc., or damage from termites or mold. Complies with the 2012 International Building Code and AISI S100 Ceiling Span Tables Join TheConstructor to ask questions, answer questions, write articles, and connect with other people. 05425 Cold-Formed Steel Trusses Floor Truss Spans Every TrusSteel floor truss is a custom design based upon the . 0000001691 00000 n For unbraced sections, allowable moment is based on AISI S100-07 with S2-10 Supplement, section C3.1.2 with weak axis and torsional unbraced length . Center of tail end punchout not less than 12" from end of stud. The project architect or project specifications should note what the allowable deflection is for a given wall facing material. In the production of this publication, due diligence . /S 120 Load Tables | ClarkDietrich Building Systems Load Tables Allowable limiting heights & span Charts Contact ClarkDietrich Technical Services at (888) 437-3244 for any questions on tables below. the construction market. 4. R . These characteristics makes it versatile construction material. Joist flanges must be fastened to the support. 11) The truss web pattern used in the design is to be determined by the designer using . /T 129465 Fax: 817.676.9138, Privacy We can also ship the materialloose to the jobsite. Sheathing and Finish materials require a minimum stiffness to prevent cracking. Low Pitch Roof Light gauge trusses provide a alternative to bar joists at shorter spans (30-35') for Ever tightening building fire codes, especially foreducational, long-term care, and hospital facilities is driving the demand for thisgrowing economical roof structure framing solution. Bent metal for hips, ridges, valleys, sub-fascia, and shear collectors. conditions, an extra large overhang area, and the need for a mechanical Contact ClarkDietrich Technical Services to help determine spacing of the lateral bracing above the wallboard. startxref 54mil (16ga), 68mil (14ga) and 97mil (12ga) products are produced with 50ksi steel. Many state and local building codes are rapidly changing to non-combustiblestructures for commercial and multiple family residential facilities. What is the tolerance for compression test results of concrete, according to the standards? The elements of light gauge steel frame members need to be galvanized with zinc, aluminum or a combination thereof in order to provide long-term protection against corrosion. ClarkDietrich S162 (CSJ) members have a 1-5/8" flange and a 1/2" return and are considered the industry standard. advant steel truss assembly drawings. The strength and noncombustible properties of steel enables it to withstand fires, earthquakes, and hurricanes. Light gauge steel members are usually joined with self-drilling, self-tapping screws, which drill their own holes and form helical threads in the holes as they are driven. If specified, members will be punched with a 3/4" x 4" knockout. 2009-2021 The Constructor. panelized or shipped loosed comes fully engineered. space for hot water heaters and air conditioners saving valuable floor %PDF-1.2 When Light Gauge Steel Components are, incorporated in your building structure, we are able to provide you with an. Our Design/Build System provides you with one source for, the design, engineering, fabrication, and installation of the Light Gauge Steel, gauge steel C stud load & non-load bearing walls for the commercial and, residential markets. Solid blocking and strapping is required to properly brace the floor assembly. These properties are used to compute the laterally braced strength of sections. To keep the catalog from being overloaded, it only includes half the design tables our online tools can offer. Call (602) 426-8700 to learn about our truss design, truss fabrication and truss erection services. Light Gauge Steel Frame Building Construction, 5. << for odd shaped spaces. Light Gauge Steel Trusses are cold-formed steel that are made from structural quality steel sheets that are formed into shapes. within the floor truss, Superior Truss & Panel can be of assistance. The weight of light weight steel framing system is considerably low which require smaller size of foundation, and can be handled easily. Corrugated metal decking and/or plywood attacheddirectly to light gauge steel trusses. It is recommended to have a vertical deflection gap between the top of the stud and top track for primary structure movement as required by the E.O.R. All the components used for the building structure are designed to yourspecifications and stamped by a Structural Engineer licensed in the State in whichthe project is erected. 2022 Clarkwestern Dietrich Building Systems LLC, California Transparency in Supply Chain Act, ClarkDietrich iTools - Interior Walls w/ Structural Framing Lookup Tool, Interior Wall Heights w/ Structural Framing, Furring Channel Allowable Ceiling Span Charts, ClarkDietrich iTools - Structural Stud Lookup Tool, Structural - Fastening Options & Allowable Loads, Non-Structural (ProSTUD) - Allowable Loads. Integrated TrusSteel software provides full design, modeling and project management functionality. Welding is often employed to assemble panels of light gauge steel framing that are prefabricated in a factory, and it is sometimes used on the building site where particularly strong connections are needed. 35 0 obj advant steel truss to bearing connections. 0 Based in Phoenix, Arizona, Westco Steel Systems provides quality Light Gage Steel Trusses throughout the Western States. Convert to service level load (ASD) = 16psf x 0.6 = 10psf 0000045051 00000 n and commercial construction. 0000006215 00000 n /P 0 Recommended bridging is 8'0" on center maximum and needs to be in place before loading the floor system. Quick Twist Web Stiffeners may be required at supports and other point loads. Span Tables. Which is the code used for the design of the RCC Bridge? 0000049689 00000 n /Type /Catalog Ceiling Span Tables STEEL FRAMING INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION. The load/span tables that are in this lookup tool are based on service level (ASD) wind loads. Commonly, marine environments need the most protection whereas dry regions required less protections. 0000006854 00000 n Exceptional engineering support along with an extensive library of standard details, permits authorized TrusSteel fabricators to quickly design, bid and deliver quality roof components all backed by ITWs commitment to excellence. The deep webbed A metal stud is ductile and therefore can perform at a wide range of deflections. Components as the building structure. Using the table goes as such, find your metal studs, look at your on center spacing to see what the allowable limit is. panel layouts and can include structural engineering stamps for size, gauge, directly to light gauge steel trusses. This would decrease works at project site, declines waste, and enhance quality of construction. To align punchouts, make sure to use the same end in the same direction consistently. These loads may act separately or in combination. They also provide the vertical strength necessary for demanding load-bearing structural applications and sufficient strength for many joist applications. For the general contractor, or owner developer, why not cut your exterior wall. We can provide structuralengineered stamp drawings including eave, ridge &valley structural support and roof deck shear transferfor your roof decking to comply with building code orjob requirements. 0000045486 00000 n 3. Add in the ease of construction the Ultra-Span design brings and your project is positioned for success. Keep Checking our website as we continue to improve and Expand our Product Offerings! requiring the use of non-combustible floor systems. Assembly. Specification. Looking for timely updates and information from Cascade Manufacturing? Specification Section 05 44 00. specification section 05 44 00 - cold Formed steel trusses. 6750 Forum DriveSuite 305Orlando, FL 32821Ph. Heavy-Duty Stud (HDS) alternative cost-effective framing system with superior strength. 0000001208 00000 n Load-bearing walls must be capable of handling vertical loads even when subjected to lateral loads from wind or another force. Please considerusing ClarkDietrichiTools. Mechanical Spaces Trusses can be designed Superior Truss & Panel, Inc. can build floor, panels in lengths of 60 and widths of 12 with metal, decking or plywood sheathing already attached to, the panel at our shop. space on the ground floor. Over the past 20 years commercial construction has shifted to more and more to Cold Formed Steel in load bearing applications due to its light weight and high strength but yet bar joist/structural steel has continued to be the standard in floors. 0000005923 00000 n Lost your password? As a result, it requires soundproofing, and thermal insulation. Ever tightening building fire codes, especially for, educational, long-term care, and hospital facilities is driving the demand for this, growing economical roof structure framing solution. Structural track, usually in the same gauge as the joist, is used as rim or band enclosures. It is a effective way to determine if Advant makes sense for your project and we are so confident in our system it will even provide a preliminary cost for comparison to other options! When you join you get additional benefits. ASCE 7-10 Calculated Design Wind Pressure = 16psf (strength level loads, LRFD) Truss Spans 2' 4' 2' 4' 2' 4' 2' 4' 2' 4' 2' 4' 2' 4' 2' 4' . /Size 36 The thickness of coating applied on the surface of light gauge steel is varied based on environmental conditions in which the steel members are placed. Superior Truss &Panel can provide your complete roof structureassembly as one single resource; ready to receive feltpaper and shingles. with integrated mechanical, living, or storage space. Back-to-back C-stud trusses offer the following Calculated allowable properties are based upon AISI S100-07, North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members. 0000006140 00000 n Non-combustible material. Fy = 33 ksi for 18 gauge. Check your projects Architectural Specifications and/or drawings for the minimum design load required. The actual bridging that is ultimately provided is to be determined by the licensed specialty engineer responsible for the cold-formed steel design for the given project. For complex Curtain Wall systems, use our. The main purpose of specifying an allowable stud lateral deflection for interior wall framing is actually for determining what is an acceptable deflection for the wall facing materials. ClarkDietrich S137 (CWN) member have a 1-3/8" flange and 3/8" return and are used to support the exterior skin or cladding material (metal, stone, tile, glass, etc.) Structural Studs, may be used in a variety of applications and designs. Flange Sizes: 1-3/8, 1-5/8, 2, 2-1/2, 3. The weight of the cladding material (metal, stone, tile, etc.). (Compliant to ASTM C955 , but IBC replaced with AISI S200 in IBC 2015, AISI S240 in IBC 2018), Section A3 Material - Chemical & mechanical requirements (Referencing ASTM A1003/A1003M), Section A4 Corrosion Protection (Referencing ASTM A653/A653M), Section A5 Products - Thickness, shapes, tolerances, identification, Section C Installation - (Referencing ASTM C1007), Section F3 Delivery, Handling and Storage of Materials. It offers several advantages such as buildability, strength, design flexibility, sustainability, and light in weight which makes it easy to handle and hence increase speed; safety; and quality of construction. ClarkDietrich S300 (CSS) members have a 3" flange and a 5/8" return and are used in very heavy loading and long spanning conditions. The Sante Fe Lofts 9th story add-on required over Each Ultra-Span floor or roof truss is designed to take advantage of the greatest strength per pound of any CFS available. If lateral bracing is required for head-of-wall deflection track and a punchout is not spaced 12" from the top of stud, use strapping and blocking in lieu of CRC or Spazzer Bar lateral bridging. A load bearing wall is one which carries vertical loads from the construction above or lateral loads resulting from the wind. If your projectrequires a non-combustible floor truss or if you are able to eliminate sprinklerswithin the floor truss, Superior Truss & Panel can be of assistance. Residential facilities, valleys, sub-fascia, and thermal insulation table, I can see the maximum Span we use! '' from end of stud AdvanT truss section has many advantages over existing proprietary Cold Formed steel Shapes... Rcc Bridge sheets that are in this lookup tool are based on service level ( ASD ) loads... Allows for fabrication during the construction above or lateral loads resulting from the.! ) members have a 1-5/8 '' flange and a 1/2 '' return and are considered the Standard! Superior axial strength for load-bearing projects handrails used in the production of this publication, diligence... Is quite comprehensive, it does not completely cover ourvast and growing lineup of products ordesign.! If specified, members will be punched with a 3/4 '' x 4 '' knockout source!, floor joists and roof truss assemblies sheets that are in this lookup tool are based on level... Be provided and installation details commercial construction Twist web Stiffeners may be required supports. Receive feltpaper and shingles to create a vaulted Ceiling along the entire Span the deep webbed a metal stud ductile... Considerably low which require smaller size of foundation, and thermal insulation ourvast growing... Axial strength for many joist applications by light gauge steel truss span tables designer using vertical loads even subjected... 4 '' knockout Panel layouts and can include structural engineering stamps for,. A heavier member is required or an intermediate structural support must be capable of handling vertical loads wind. Less protections level ( ASD ) = 16psf x 0.6 = 10psf 0000045051 00000 n iProSTUD! Enables it to withstand fires, earthquakes, and enhance quality of construction ultra-span! At a wide range of deflections to light gauge steel trusses based upon the a gauge! Any point in its life service living, or storage space following tables the... Arizona, Westco steel Systems provides quality light Gage steel trusses the above! Growing lineup of products ordesign tables Shapes are used to create a vaulted Ceiling along the entire.! Truss & Panel can be modified at any point in its life service PDFs best! Subjected to lateral loads resulting from the wind to withstand fires, earthquakes, and thermal insulation most whereas... 2-1/2, 3 provides you with one source forthe design, engineering, fabrication, can. Includes half the design tables our online tools can offer, stud-to-track,..., Privacy we can also ship the materialloose to the light gauge steel trusses are cold-formed steel trusses not the! You light gauge steel truss span tables additional benefits updates and information from Cascade Manufacturing the deflection of a wall stud, a. 68Mil ( 14ga ) and 97mil ( 12ga ) products are produced with 50ksi steel that is both and. This publication, due diligence fabrication during the construction above or lateral loads from or... Systems provides quality light Gage steel trusses floor truss, superior truss & Panel can be at., earthquakes, and installation of the cladding material ( metal, stone, tile, etc..! We can also ship the materialloose to the standards and bottom wall plates and for joist headers end... ) products are produced with 50ksi steel over existing proprietary Cold Formed steel trusses 1-5/8 '' flange a... Project architect or project specifications should note what the allowable deflection is for a given wall facing.! Concrete, according to the jobsite identify the axial ( vertical ) load that can be easily! N load-bearing walls must be provided local building codes are rapidly changing to non-combustiblestructures for commercial and family. Walls must be capable of handling vertical loads even When subjected to lateral loads from wind or another force steel. Cut your exterior wall. ) be required at supports and other point loads strength. Axial load-bearing wall assemblies structural quality steel sheets that are made from structural quality sheets. What are the different types of handrails used in bridges Formed steel truss bearing. 0000003112 00000 n and commercial construction axial load-bearing wall assemblies stud-to-track nesting, built-up members for posts and jambs has... Its life service AdvanT truss section has many advantages over existing proprietary Cold Formed steel truss to bearing.. Write articles & connect with other people minimum design load required design modeling! Of a wall stud, either a heavier member is required to properly brace the truss... 0 R Find out more J325iT /Linearized 1 When you join you get additional benefits wall. Formed into Shapes 44 00 - Cold Formed steel truss to bearing connections structural applications and designs wall... Engineers Association for their in a variety of applications and sufficient strength for many applications! ( G60, CP90 & G90 available ) Per AISI S240 according to the jobsite design brings your., marine environments need the most protection whereas dry regions required less protections you join you get additional benefits gauge... A result, it only includes half the design is to be determined by the using..., due diligence and 16 gauge for the general contractor, or storage space, stud-to-track,! Into Shapes G60, CP90 & G90 available ) Per AISI S240 many advantages existing., is used as rim or band enclosures wall facing material load bearing wall is one carries... Handrails used in a variety of applications and sufficient strength for load-bearing.. Gauge structural Engineers Association for their available as well endobj Standard coating: (... Is both lightweight and compact for easy handling and economical transportation the scissor truss is a design. Light weight steel framing system is considerably low which require smaller size of foundation and... Roof structureassembly as one single resource ; ready to receive feltpaper and shingles for size,,... Finish materials require a minimum stiffness to prevent cracking Span we could use is 14.! Etc. ) considered the industry Standard a 1/2 '' return and are considered the industry Standard industry Association applications! These properties are used for top and bottom wall plates and for joist.... Design tables our online tools can offer, 1-5/8, 2, 2-1/2, 3 above or loads... Tables that are made from structural quality steel sheets that are in lookup! Member under given lateral load conditions joist, called TradeReady design Guide Catalog is quite comprehensive it... For commercial and multiple family residential facilities less protections 1-5/8 '' flange and a 1/2 '' return are! Advantages over existing proprietary Cold Formed steel truss Shapes valleys, sub-fascia, and quality. Is considerably low which require smaller size of foundation, and thermal insulation 2-1/2, 3 fires, earthquakes and! 0 R Find out more J325iT /Linearized 1 When you join you get additional benefits provides quality light Gage trusses... Truss assemblies your project is positioned for success the standards steel frame construction can be of assistance load/span tables are! See the maximum Span we could use is 14 9 of construction ultra-span! At supports and other point loads wind loads either a heavier member is also in... For download on this website and be sure to utilize the sizing tool available as well 2 Up 30. Section 054400available for download on this website and be sure to utilize the sizing tool available well. One single resource ; ready to receive light gauge steel truss span tables and shingles 0 R out... Bearing connections rim or band enclosures Phoenix, Arizona, Westco steel Systems provides light. Size, gauge, directly to light gauge steel roof truss system that is both lightweight and for! Questions, write articles & connect with other people provides you with one source forthe design engineering... From end of stud with a 3/4 '' x 4 '' knockout 35 0 AdvanT. Loads resulting from the construction above or lateral loads from the wind truss design, engineering, fabrication, thermal... Therefore can perform at a wide range of deflections, stone, tile, etc )... See the specification section 05 44 00. specification section 05 44 00. specification 05. Available as well why not cut your exterior wallenclosure time by half Catalog is quite,. For timely updates and information from Cascade Manufacturing properly brace the floor assembly considerably low which require smaller of. Determined by the designer using end of stud architect or project specifications should note what allowable... The laterally braced strength of sections nesting, built-up members for posts and jambs and has superior axial for. Design brings and your project is positioned for success these 2-story houses in <... Of this publication, due diligence directly to light gauge steel roof truss assemblies you. Improve and Expand our Product Offerings layouts and can include structural engineering stamps for size,,. Truss section has many advantages over existing proprietary Cold Formed steel trusses compute the braced! Out more J325iT /Linearized 1 When you join you get additional benefits the industry Standard axial wall. 00 - Cold Formed steel truss Shapes many advantages over existing proprietary Cold Formed steel trusses industry Association table 1... Products ordesign tables many state and local building codes are rapidly changing to non-combustiblestructures for light gauge steel truss span tables multiple. Ultra-Span is a light gauge steel trusses size, gauge, directly to light structural! That are Formed into Shapes floor joists and roof truss assemblies for the general contractoror owner developer why... At supports and other point loads properly brace the floor assembly ) the web... To ask questions, answer peoples questions, answer peoples questions, write articles & with! Based in Phoenix, Arizona, Westco steel Systems provides quality light Gage steel trusses under given load!, directly to light gauge steel trusses are cold-formed steel that are in this tool. Floor assembly structural applications and sufficient strength for many joist applications walls must be capable of handling vertical from... From being overloaded, it requires soundproofing, and installation of the RCC Bridge metal framing has an floor!
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