John F. Kennedy was a case of chickens coming home to roost. Expelled from the Nation, he accepted orthodox Islam after going on the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. [392] Malcolm X revealed that the Nation had held meetings with representatives of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and the American Nazi Party (ANP). [1] E.U. M ore than 1 million Facebook users have watched . Led by Elijah Muhammad, who popularized the terms Islam and Muslim among Americans, the historic Nation of Islam (1930 - 1975) became one of . [89] The NOI teaches that the white race spread out from Europe and began to dominate the world. A message from Fard Muhammad, as reported by an early follower[254], Outside of the Nation, various theories have been proposed as to the true identity of Fard Muhammad. [394] Links with the white far-right continued under Farrakhan's Nation, with Tom Metzger of the White Aryan Resistance donating money to the Nation in 1985 and expressing approval of its separatist aims. [45] Each god has different abilities and degrees of power. [299], Malcolm X went on the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, where he came across white Muslims, an experience that shifted him from his total hostility to white people. Experts say don't be misled by Nation of Islam's Christian referenceson Facebook or elsewhere. [158] In various cases, Nation women still play an active role in their communities,[159] sometimes challenging established gender norms in the organization. [155] Outsiders often perceive the Nation's women as being victims of male oppression and control. The Nation of Islam or NOI is an African-American political and religious movement, founded in Detroit by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad on July 4, 1930. "[125] It seeks to empower black people by giving them a positive self-identity,[126] purging ideas of white superiority, and black inferiority, from its followers. 2:9). [201] He claimed that this would extend the human lifespan and that those who ate only once every 24 hours would live for 150 years and that those who ate once every seven days would live for 1,050 years. Practitioners are expected to live disciplined lives, adhering to strict dress codes, specific dietary requirements, and patriarchal gender roles. Whites were portrayed as the incarnation of evil. In 1993 he was sentenced to 25-years-to-life in prison. Islam was brought to the United States by enslaved African Muslims, and it retained a real if minuscule presence . He belonged to us, and we proudly watched every fight. [243] Garvey's economic nationalism, whereby he called for African American economic self-sufficiency and enterprise, was a particular influence. Members seeking to retain Elijah Muhammad's teachings re-established the Nation of Islam under Louis Farrakhan's leadership in 1977. [141] In 2007, the scholar of religion Lawrence A. Mamiya suggested that there were then around 50,000 members of the Nation. [112] It teaches that Allah and many of his scientists live in a magnificent city on the Mother Plane, from which they monitor humanity;[113] Farrakhan has claimed that Elijah Muhammad never died but is resident aboard this ship. [349] Farrakhan had grown concerned by the growth of gang violence, especially among African American youths, and in 1989 launched his "Stop the Killing" campaign to combat it. [179] In later articles, he explained that his followers should face towards Mecca as they pray, symbolising their journey toward the restoration of black greatness. Sometimes we would look up at the night sky, spot the lights of planes flying at high altitudes, and wonder if we had caught a glimpse of the Mother Plane. According to the nations leaders, this was a spacecraft equipped by Allah to destroy the world and its white ruling structures in what they called the Battle in the Sky, a reference to Armageddon. [414], The Nation does not publicly reveal its membership numbers,[1] and in the past it had a high turnover among its members, some eventually evolving into becoming conventional Sunni Muslims. "[54] The Nation's theology differs from the mainstream Islamic belief in a fundamental ontological divide between humanity and God;[49] in mainstream Islam, Allah is always portrayed as eternal and non-anthropomorphic, which is at odds with the theology of the NOI. [339] In 1979, Farrakhan established a newspaper, The Final Call,[340] which by 1994 had a circulation of 500,000. Mike Wallace's five-part television series "The Hate That Hate Produced" brought the Nation of Islam (NOI) to national attention in 1959. 2. And we shunned the celebration of pagan holidays, such as Christmas and Easter. [125], The Nation prioritises land ownership to increase food production and autonomy for African Americans;[200] a commonly used slogan among the NOI is that "The farm is the engine of our national life. Some families chose this route, effectively abandoning most of the nations core doctrines. You get more out of your work. The Nation's leadership denied sanctioning this attack. [1] While based in the U.S., the Nation has also established either a presence or influence in all parts of the world where there is a dense clustering of the African diaspora. Ain't no use you get mad with me, white people. October 1956 Issue. Cremation and Islam. [192] In 1976, Wallace Muhammad estimated the Nation's net worth to be $46 million, although revealed it had a severe cash flow problem, owed millions in back taxes to the Internal Revenue Service, and was making a loss with its agricultural operations. [333] In 1964 he had become minister of the NOI's Harlem Temple and in 1967 a national representative of Elijah Muhammad. After Elijah Muhammad, the Nation of Islam leader, died in 1975, his son, Warith Deen Mohammed, began instructing his followers in a new set of beliefs, including ideas about the afterlife, while . Looking back, I can see that the Nation of Islam got some things right. Wallace, who had been deeply influenced by Malcolm X and orthodox Islam, soon initiated a transformation of the Nation, changing its name to World Community of al-Islam in the West and again in 1978 to the American Muslim Mission and gradually dropping its racial and nationalist doctrines as well as its belief in Fard as Allah. [68] For the Nation, everyone not of West European genetic origin is a descendant of the Original Asiatic Race. [217] NOI members also own urban gardens in various U.S. He tied these beliefs and practices to a myth designed especially to appeal to African Americans. [212], Some of its African American left-wing, anti-capitalist critics have derisively dismissed the Nation's approach to economics as black capitalism;[213] Farrakhan has responded that while socialism appeals to him, capitalism is the only feasible road to economic empowerment for African Americans. This myth supported a program of economic self-sufficiency, the development of Black-owned businesses, and a demand for the creation of a separate Black nation to be carved out of the states of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. [315], In 1975, Elijah Muhammad died and was succeeded by his son, Wallace Muhammad. [197], The NOI teaches that practitioners should seek to keep fit and maintain a healthy diet. [58], The Nation teaches that in the beginning there was nothing but darkness. Founded in 1930, the Nation of Islam rejected Christianity as the religion of white supremacy and created an ideology of black supremacy. Alternate titles: American Muslim Mission, Black Muslim movement, Muslim American Society, World Community of Al-Islam in the West, Distinguished Professor of American Religious History, Institute for Studies in Religion, Baylor University; Director, Institute for the Study of American Religion, Woodway, Texas. God say you're the real devil. government. [163] Divorce is frowned upon, but not forbidden. [105] [359], As of 2020, the Nation consisted of ten ministries: for Spiritual Development, Agriculture, Education, Information, Health, Trade and Commerce, Defense, Justice, Arts and Culture, and Science and Technology. [272] Fard Muhammad was arrested several further times; in September 1933 he was arrested for disorderly conduct in Chicago, which is his last known verified whereabouts. [224], The Nation also has a longstanding record of involvement in civic, economic, and political activities outside the strictly religious arena. If the Nation of Islam is actual Islam's eccentric nephew, then the Nation of Gods and Earths, as the 5 Percenters are called, is that nephew's unhinged offspring. [120] In his book The Supreme Wisdom, Elijah Muhammad claimed that after the apocalypse, "Peace, joy and happiness will have no end. Islam was brought to the United States by enslaved African Muslims, and it retained a real if minuscule presence in the country throughout the 19th century. [8], Mainstream Islamic groups maintain that the Nation's members are not really Muslim. Now I Live for Jesus. It operates as a centralized and hierarchical organization. [188], In its early decades, the Nation's appeal was strongest in poor African American neighborhoods. [223] As well as African American pupils, some of these schools have also accepted students from Latino, Asian, and Pacific Island communities. Its stated goals are to improve the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of African-Americans in the United States and all of humanity. The changes culminated in 1985 with his formal resignation as head of the American Muslim Mission and his dissolution of the organization. "[38] The Nation provides conflicting statements about its theology; although it professes commitment to the monotheistic idea of a single God, its discourse refers to multiple gods,[39] meaning that it can be interpreted as polytheistic. [164] Farrakhan was initially highly critical of rap music because he argued it promoted sexual promiscuity. [379] On taking control, Farrakhan also pursued links with various Muslim-majority countries,[380] visiting Ghana and Libya in 1985. [284] He was released in August 1946,[285] at which point he found the Nation's membership had declined. [119] The Earth's atmosphere will then burn for 390 years and spend another 610 cooling down. Why was I so convinced that God really did have a spiritual nature? Louis Farrakhans views on white people being the devil [88], In the Nation's teachings, Allah permitted the white race to rule the Earth for 6000 years, a period that is almost at an end. Would we remain faithful to Elijahs teachings, or would we follow his successor, Wallace Deen Muhammad (Elijahs oldest son), into the practice of orthodox Islam? Malcolm had been assassinated only seven years earlier, and no one dared mention his name, almost as if there were an unspoken rule forbidding it. During his incarceration, he officially became a member, joining a growing number of African American men for whom the nation signified community, identity, reform, and dignity. Ultimately, Malcolm was assassinated on Feb. 21, 1965 in New York City's Audubon Ballroom as he prepared to give a speech. Louis Farrakhan has called for racial harmony. I Wanted to Die for Allah. My name is W. D. Fard, and I come from the Holy City of Mecca. [248] The Nation then emerged in the context of the 1930s, when large numbers of African Americans were migrating from southern states to the cities of the north;[249] most of its early members were southern migrants who had settled in Detroit. [384] It later offered Farrakhan's Nation $1 billion, which the U.S. government sought to block. They cause hostilities between people of the same household and between . [70], The NOI's conception of race differs from that of most Americans. [266] There, he joined Garvey's UNIA,[267] and worked in industrial plants before becoming unemployed amid the Great Depression. Elijah Muhammad left the movement to his son Wallace, who assumed leadership of the Nation upon Elijahs death in 1975 and later took the name Warith Deen Mohammed. Louis Theroux Weird Weekends S01E12 - Hypnosis. [108] It propounds a distinct eschatology drawing on the Book of Revelation. [79] Because of this, the NOI teaches that white people are intrinsically prone to lying, violence, and brutality. [301] In light of these experiences, in March 1964 he left the Nation and became a Sunni Muslim. [399], The Nation's teachings have influenced other groups, such as the Ansaaru Allah Community, which formed in 1970,[453] and the Word of Faith movement, a type of Christianity which emerged in areas of the U.S. where the NOI had a pre-existing presence. The only hell-raiser on the earth. "[321] Black nationalism was abandoned,[322] and the ban on white people joining the Nation was lifted. The FBI's FOIA Library contains many files of public interest and historical value. [377] In 1957, Malcolm X organized a conference on colonialism attended by delegates from Egypt, Iraq, Sudan, and Morocco,[378] while Elijah Muhammad met with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1959 and the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in 1972. Others, like Malcolm X in the 60's, and the . On if there's a history of violence in the Nation of Islam, specifically black-on-white crime "Early on, in its early history, the 1930s, there was one incident when that happened among the early . Johnson and Butler were later arrested and also charged in the killing. Our understanding of God originated with Fard Muhammads book The Supreme Wisdom Lessons. [40], The NOI teaches that history can be divided into distinct cycles, each ruled by a new god who takes over from his predecessor. [174], In the late 1950s, Elijah Muhammad published a prayer manual outlining how his followers should pray five times a day; this involved an ablution beforehand. [176] The tone of Nation services is sombre and quiet. Muslim teachings were tied to Black nationalism by Noble Drew Ali, originally Timothy Drew (18861929), who founded the Moorish Science Temple of America in Newark, New Jersey, in 1913. Islam is today the religion of more than 350 million Muslims (or Moslems or Mohammedans), occupying a wide belt stretching from . [236] Its members avoided involvement in the race riots of the 1960s. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The NOI promotes numerology, the belief that numbers possess hidden meanings;[63] it believes that the number 19 is key to decoding scriptures such as the Quran,[64] and takes the view that it is meaningful that the names of both Elijah Muhammad and Louis Farrakhan have 14 letters in them. [114] The Nation teaches that there are also smaller vessels, "baby planes," docked inside the Mother Ship and that these travel to visit Earth. [61] The year I was born, my father joined the Nation of Islam. [98] The Nation is openly critical of U.S. aggression towards countries with non-white majorities, especially when those countries also have Muslim majorities. [78] According to the NOI, most whites are unaware of their true origins, but that senior Freemasons have this knowledge. Everest is 29,141 feet high. You will be cleaner. [162] [189] Various historical and scientific errors have been identified in the claims of its leaders;[459] mainstream scientists, and much of the wider public, regard its mythological accounts as being pseudo-scientific. Others joined one of several splinter groups, the largest of which was led by Louis Farrakhan. [389] On that tour, he also attended annual celebrations of the Iranian Revolution in Tehran;[390] he visited Iran again in 2018. We did our best to honor the foundational teachings we had received, but we opted against following either leader. At the time, I had no idea that God was working behind the scenes, sovereignly steering us away from the Nation of Islam. In the 1970s Elijah Muhammad was succeeded by his son, Wallace D. Muhammad (1933-2008), who renamed . [450] The sociologist A.A. Akom opined that the NOI had a reputation even among non-Muslim African Americans of "speaking truth to power,"[451] with a 1994 Time/CNN poll found that two-thirds of African Americans who knew of Farrakhan had favorable views of him. The whites lacked inner divinity, and were intrinsically violent; they overthrew the Tribe of Shabazz and achieved global dominance. [182] Increasingly exposed to Sunni Islam, Elijah Muhammad drew more elements from it into the Nation,[287] and also undertook the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca three times, in 1959, 1967, and 1971. [365] Muhammad Speaks included contributions not only from Nation members, but also from leftist and progressive writers in the African American community. In the remaining decade of Elijah Muhammads life, the movement was increasingly plagued by violence between members and former members. [364], From its early days, the Nation used print media to promote its ideas, including the magazines Muhammad Speaks (196175) and The Final Call. "[199] In How to Eat How to Live, Elijah Muhammad urged his followers to subsist primarily on fruit, vegetables, and certain grains, and to choose lamb if they must eat meat. [221] These emphasize science, mathematics, black history, Arabic, and NOI doctrine;[164], Farrakhan has said that they need to provide black children with "an education to make them Gods. A white Virgin. [43] A central tenet of its theology is the portrayal of Allah as a black man,[44] and Nation members believe that this was the form that the first god consciously took. Muhammad was the final prophet of Islam, to whom God revealed the Qur'an. An import from the USA in the 1990s, the Nation of Islam is an organisation preaching self-reliance for black people within an Islamic framework and has been praised for its work in inner city areas. [279] His wife Clara took on the identity of Khadija. Same-sex relationships are condemned as immoral;[170] Farrakhan for instance banned gay men from his Million Man March, bringing accusations of homophobia against him and the Nation. [330][331], The leading figure in rejecting Wallace Muhammad's reforms was Louis Farrakhan, who, with other disaffected members began to rebuild the Nation of Islam in 1977. [288] In 1959, the FBI encouraged the media to attack the Nation, hoping to discredit it. Prominent current members of the NOIRG include Demetric Muhammad, Ilia Rashad Muhammad, Nuri Muhammad, and . The Nation of Islam had an estimated 50,000 members as of 2007, far from its heyday in the 1960s. Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan said the group is mourning its "brother" who died assaulting Capitol cops last week saying the cop killer could have been a future "star" for the . [290] This press criticism backfired, giving the group significant attention and assisting its recruitment. In fact, we had gone above and beyond the one-verse threshold, reciting the entire first chapter of Matthew, genealogy and all, to the surprise of every adult listening. [84] It conquered and enslaved the Tribe of Shabazz, shipping many of them to the Americas as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Much of that popularity is the doing of Farrakhan, who led NOI to a new height . In compliance with the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) requirements, some of these records are no longer in the physical possession of the FBI, eliminating the FBI's capability to re-review and/or re-process this material. [41] 15,000 years ago, these ancient scientistswho had knowledge of the futurewrote their knowledge down in a text, the Mother Book. Clarence 13X founded the . [422], The NOI has repeatedly been accused of antisemitism, an accusation that it has denied. In Islam, funeral rites are prescribed by the divine law. Farrakhan's inability to grow the Nation's ranks indicates that sympathy with his critiques of . Pros= 1. [122], Ideologically, the NOI is black nationalist,[123] and has sometimes been perceived as a Black Power political organization. His mission was to "teach the downtrodden and defenseless Black people a thorough knowledge of God and of themselves." Members of the NOI study the Quran, worship Allah as their God and accept Muhammad as their prophet, while also believing [276][277] It was under his leadership "that the NOI's theology crystallized". [422][423] The Associated Press described the Nation as having, in the past, favored black supremacist views. [412] The number of Latinos in the Nation is not known, although their presence in the group is much higher under Farrakhan than it was under Elijah Muhammad. [187] During the mid-20th century it began encouraging the use of "X" as a surname, symbolising what they regarded as African American identity as an "ex-slave" and also as a marker for their lost ancestral name. [251] Fard Muhammad claimed that he was an Arab from Mecca who had come to the United States on a mission to the African American people, whom he called the "Nation of Islam," to restore them to their original faith. 3 Pages. [439] Far-right Jewish groups have gone further; the Jewish Defense League organized a "Death to Farrakhan" march in 1985, while the Jewish Defense Organization was found to have Farrakhan as the top name on its list of individuals it sought to kill. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nation-of-Islam, Jewish Virtual Library - The Nation of Islam, World Religions and Spirituality Project - Nation of Islam, Southern Poverty Law Center - Nation of Islam, Nation of Islam - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Malcolm X also was a member. [109] Members usually refer to it with female pronouns. [146], The NOI's teachings on gender issues are conservative and patriarchal,[148] promoting strict gender roles for men and women. Every Saturday he would walk through our neighborhood, passing out Sunday school fliers with Bible verses, Bible crossword puzzles, and drawings of Bible characters to color in. Louis Farrakhan's Jesus Is Not Our Jesus. [20] The NOI has taught that the white ruling elite are aware of this forthcoming apocalypse and that the U.S. exploration of space and the Strategic Defense Initiative are futile attempts to protect themselves against the Mother Plane. [318] Farrakhan's Nation expanded its international network, including building links in Africa; particularly strong links were built between Farrakhan and Ghanaian President Jerry Rawlings. To us, he was something more than a champion boxer. [283] Many Nation members refused the military draft,[283] and in September 1942, the FBI arrested 65 NOI members, including Elijah Muhammad, who was incarcerated for refusing to register for the draft. 10. African Muslims were among the Spanish expeditions that explored the continent during the early modern period, and were also among the many enslaved people transported there via the Atlantic slave trade of the 16th to 19th centuries. [181] This is the date on which the organization holds its annual national convention. The Nation of Islam is a religious group. Leadership disputes led Malcolm to form a separate organization and finally to his assassination in 1965. [241], The early NOI's theology was informed by various sources, including older forms of black nationalism, Garveyism, the Moorish Science Temple of America, the Jehovah's Witnesses, and Black Freemasonry. Have something to add about this? These doctrines came primarily from two books: Message to the Blackman in Americaand Our Saviour Has Arrived, both written by Elijah Muhammad. During the 20th century, most studies on the NOI relied on secondary sources due to the group's general unwillingness to open itself up to study.
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